Съветите на спеца
Новината е представена
от Г. Марков [гл.редактор]
Новият свят е светът на нанотехнологиите
Нанотехнологиите са нещо, за което почти всеки е чувал, но и за което никой не знае почти нищо. Това е така, защото за сега те по-скоро са в сферата на научната фантастика. Както знаем обаче самата научна фантастика много често се оказва чиста реалност. А примерите за това са не един и два.
В тази статия ще се докоснем до популярната в последно време тема за нанотехнологията. Ще стане въпрос и за материята на имащите отношение към бъдещето, компютърни техники. И по-точно, за бъдещето на системите за съхраняване на данни, изискванията за които все повече се увеличават.
За пръв път терминът нанотехнология е използван от американския физик Ричард Фейнман през 1959 г. в неговата лекция "Има достътъчно много място на дъното". Нано означава една милиардна част от метъра, за разлика от микро, което е една милионна част. Преди година, в статия, посветена на проблема, в американското списание National Geographic определиха нанометъра като дължината, с която пораства брадата на един мъж за времето, което му е нужно, за да вдигне бърснача до лицето си.
Хората, занимаващи се с изследването на тази материя са открили, че редица вещества имат свойството да променят характеристиките си със смаляването на размера им. Тези различни свойства се използват в нанотехнологията за създаването на нови устройства, технологии и методи в различни научни области - от военното дело до медицината, а най-вече в компютърните технологии, където подобно нещо би имало голямо предимство.
Изследователите са открили, че Нанотехнологията обаче е свързана и с развитието на микроскопските апарати. Най-мощните от тях като тунелния микроскоп пък дават възможността да се променя структурата на някои вещества на атомно равнище и така също да се получават вещества, които имат напълно различни свойства от изходните. Така например калциевият карбонат, който познаваме като тебешир, може да бъде модифициран чрез разместване на молекулите и да бъде получено вещество многократно по-здраво от познатото ни от ученическите години средство за писане.
За обикновеният човек това е нещо, което той може трудно да си представи. Да, но именно то може да промени света. Подобни технологии ще се използват най-вече в компютрите, както можете да видите в примера, който ще поместим след малко, но така също е възможно да бъдат създадени малки капсули от нановещество, които да доставят лекарство в организма точно до болното място, без да се увреждат околните тъкани и органи. В последно време се провеждат редица изследвания в областта на онкологията, които целят разрушителната за тялото химиотерапия и лъчетерапия да бъдат заменени с нови методи. Една от успешно тестваните разработки предвижда в тялото на болния от рак да бъдат вкарвани през кръвоносните съдове сфери със златно покритие, които да достигат до туморите. След това тумора се нагрява с лазелен лъч, който затопля сферите, които с излъчената енергия убиват раковите клетки.
Нанотехнологиите имат още много приложения. Някои армии вече направиха опити да вкарат наночастици, които имат антибактериално действие в дрехите на своите войници. Същото може да се направи при полицаи или други хора с високо рискови професии.
Нанотехнологиите ще позволят да се извършва качествено нова медицинска диагностика като организмът бъде изследван "отвътре", в т.ч. и различните мозъчни процеси.
Въз основата на вътрешни маркетингови изследвания, компанията Samsung Electronics направи прогноза, че към 2010-та година големината на паметта от типа NAND на пазара ще превиши обема на тази от типа DRAM. Прогнозата е направена не само заради отчета за ръста на популярност на флаш технологиите и за ускорението на приложенията Intel Turbo Memory, AMD HyperFlash или Microsoft ReadyBoost, но така също и балгодарение на сведенията за хибридните дискове (HHD, Hybrid Hard Disks), използващи флаш паметта от типа NAND. Въпреки че SSD- дисковете предвещават края на класиката, бъдещето на системата за съхраняване на данни е все още доста неясно.
Някаква яснота в перспективата на системата за съхранение на данни, внесе компанията IBM. Нейните инженери, практически “погребаха” традиционните методи за съхраняване на данни и, ако всичко се получи така гладко, както в техните презентации, с времето ще можем да забравим за флаша и за магнитните дискове. Учените от IBM конкретизираха идеята за използването на нанотехнологията за съхраняване на данни, ясно и отчетливо. Предполага се, че за съхраняването на информацията ще се използва…отделно взета молекула или дори единичен атом!
Достиженията на учените от IBM могат да се разделят на две. В първото им съобщение, разпространено в медиите наскоро се казва, че учените от изследователския им център Almaden Research Center са достигнали до значителен прогрес в изследванията на количествените свойства на така наречената магнитна анизотропия (magnetic anisotropy) на отделния атом. Трябва да се подчертае, че досега никой не е успявал да измери магнитната изотропия на даден атом. Количественото изследване на тази фундаментална величина, води до идеята, информацията да се съхранява в отделен атом. В научната си публикация, от IBM разказаха, че за експериментите си са използвали сканиращ тунелен микроскоп и специална медна пластина.
Само си представете мащабите на тази дръзка, но гениална идея!
Хранилището на информация, създадено на базата на атомната нанотехнология на IBM, ще позволи в него да се побират повече от 1 квадрилиона бита данни- това е повече от 30 хиляди пълнометражни филма или всичките клипове от YouTube, в устройство с размери на iPod.
Във второто си заявление от IBM заявиха, че учените им са създали първият в света превключвател на базата на една единствена молекула, който е способен да проникне в нея и да променя формата й, без да разрушава вътрешната й структура. Научната работа описва възможността отделната органична молекула нафталоцианин (naphthalocyanine) да “приема” условните състояния- “ включено”, “изключено” с помощта на два атома водород. Забележителното е, че учените от IBM вече успяха да демонстрират превключването на тези състояния на молекулата и наистина, по време на процеса тя променя формата си.
За съжаление всички тези изследвания, засега нямат никакво практическо приложение. Въпреки това, потвържденията за новите необичайни свойства на атомите и молекулите са неоценими! Разбира се до появата на първия практически модел ще мине още доста време, но новите открития на учените от IBM ще придадат сериозен импулс на изследванията в областта на нанотехнологията, на управленията, насочени към създаването на структура за ултра компактни компоненти с атомен мащаб.
В последно време, регулярното приемане на съобщения за нови открития в областта на молекулярната и квантовата физика, съвсем може да ни накара да се удивим…но какво ли ще се случи, когато всички тези гениални открития станат за нас нещо съвсем обикновено?
От: BrianTek
Дата: 19.06.2018 7:07:36
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От: LouisSof
Дата: 27.07.2017 22:22:33
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От: LouisSof
Дата: 22.07.2017 15:15:46
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